Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are somatic cells reprogrammed into an embryonic-like pluripotent state by the expression of specific transcription factors. Despite the fact that these cells have the capacity to self-renew, they present low efficiency of reprogramming Recent studies have demonstrated that the previous somatic epigenetic signature is a limiting factor in iPSC performance.

Epigenetics focuses on processes that regulate how and when certain genes are turned on and turned off, while epigenomics pertains to analysis of epigenetic changes across many genes in a cell or entire organism.

The primary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as "anchors" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: DNA wraps around histone proteins, forming nucleosomes and the so-called beads on a string structure (euchromatin).

Epigenetics refers to the collective heritable changes in phenotype that arise independent of genotype. Two broad areas of epigenetics are DNA methylation and histone modifications and numerous techniques have been invented to analyze epigenetic processes not only at the level of specific genes, but also to analyze epigenetic changes that occur in defined regions of the genome as well as genome-wide

Fragment analysis is a genetic analysis method comprising a series of techniques in which DNA fragments are fluorescently labeled, separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE), and sized by comparison to an internal standard. CE-based genetic analyzers are capable of performing both Sanger sequencing and fragment analysis. In contrast to Sanger sequencing, fragment analysis can provide sizing,

Massive parallel DNA sequencing (synonyms are: DNA deep sequencing | DNA high-throughput sequencing | DNA-seq) includes Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), Whole Exome Sequencing (WES or WXS) and targeted sequencing. WGS implies sequencing of the entire DNA genome, while WES focuses on sequencing only mRNA coding regions (exons) which usually represent a very minor genome fraction (3% in humans).

Genome editing refers to an emerging branch of biotechnology that is the realization of earlier genetic engineering technologies. Using these biotechnologies researchers are able to target specific DNA sequences and induce a double stranded break, taking advantage of recombination to create synthetic genetic content in a host genome.

Proteins control all biological systems in a cell, and while many proteins perform their functions independently, the vast majority of proteins interact with others for proper biological activity. Characterizing protein–protein interactions through methods such as co-immunoprecipitation pull-down assays, crosslinking, label transfer, and far–western blot analysis is critical to understand protein function and the biology of the cell.

Chromatin analysis is the study of the structure or function of chromatin. Chromatin is made up of proteins (mainly histones) and genomic DNA packed inside the nuclei of eukaryotic cells; its architecture and chemical modifications affect genome structure, integrity and gene regulation Moreover, chromatin remodeling occurs during development and as the result of treatments. The assays below are used to study chromatin structure.

Computational modeling is the use of computers to simulate and study complex systems using mathematics, physics and computer science. A computational model contains numerous variables that characterize the system being studied. Simulation is done by adjusting the variables alone or in combination and observing the outcomes. Computer modeling allows scientists to conduct thousands of simulated experiments by computer.

Epigenetics is changing the widely accepted linear conception of genome function by explaining how environmental and psychological factors regulate the activity of our genome without involving changes in the DNA sequence. Research has identifi ed epigenetic mechanisms mediating between environmental and psychological factors that contribute to normal and abnormal behavioral development

 A nearly universal mechanism of epigenetic signalling is DNA methylation. In bacteria, DNA methylation has roles in genome defence, chromosome replication and segregation, nucleoid organization, cell cycle control, DNA repair and regulation of transcription

Epigenetics is that the study of heritable changes in natural phenomenon (active versus inactive genes) i.e. an adjustment in phenotype without an adjustment in genotype. An epigenetic change is also a natural & characteristic occurrence yet can likewise be plagued by some factors including age, the environment/lifestyle, and illness state. Alternately, epigenetic change can have all the more harmful impacts which will bring illnesses, disease. Major areas of Epigenetics are

nucleosome positioning” broadly to indicate where nucleosomes are located with respect to the genomic DNA sequence. Although nucleosome positioning is a dynamic process, sequencing-based mapping approaches identify the positions of individual nucleosomes in a single cell at a specific time.

Structural inheritance is an often-neglected form of nongenetic inheritance. This is in contrast to the transmission of digital information such as is found in DNA sequences, which accounts for the vast majority of known genetic variation. Structural inheritance was discovered by Tracy Sonneborn, and other researchers, during his study on protozoa in the late 1930.                                       .

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  Multiple Inheritance.


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  Multilevel Inheritance.


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  Single Inheritance


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  Hierarchical Inheritance.


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  Hybrid Inheritance.

A primary transcript is the single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA, and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs.

Genome editing is a method that lets scientists change the DNA of many organisms, including plants, bacteria, and animals. Editing DNA can lead to changes in physical traits, like eye color, and disease risk. Scientists use different technologies to do this. The first genome editing technologies were developed in the late 1900s. More recently, a new genome editing tool called CRISPR, invented in 2009,

Although brain tumours are rare compared with other malignancies, they are responsible, in many cases, for severe physical and cognitive disability and have a high case fatality rate. The diagnosis is made by a combination of imaging and histological examination of tumour specimen. Contrast-enhanced MRI is the gold standard imaging modality and provides highly sensitive anatomical information about the tumour.

Ranges of epigenetic idea affect our genetic programme. The inter-generational transmission of epigenetic marks is supposed to manage via four principal means dramatically differ in their information content: DNA methylation, histone modifications, microRNAs and nucleosome positioning.

Gene mapping describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between genes Gene mapping can also describe the distances between different sites within a gene. The essence of all genome mapping is to place a collection of molecular markers onto their respective positions on the genome.

By the tip of the last century, it absolutely was known that DNA by itself doesn't determine all characteristics of an organism, including humans. The environment, stress one perceives, and nutrition, to call some, play a big part in determining the response of an organism, the utmost amount because the DNA itself. Thus, it's known now that both nature and nurture play equally important roles within the responses observed both at the cellular and organism levels.

The recent development of high-throughput technologies has led to an explosion of biological data and has enabled mining biomarkers and drug targets in a more systematic way. Bioinformatic and biostatistical approaches are skilled at dealing with large data sets and therefore widely used in mining disease biomarkers and drug targets in this “omic” era

A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain There are two main types of tumors cancerous (malignant) tumors and benign (non-cancerous) tumors Cancerous tumors can be divided into primary tumors, which start within the brain, and secondary tumors, which most commonly have spread from tumors located outside the brain, known as brain metastasis tumors All types of brain tumors may produce symptoms that vary depending on the part of the brain involvedsThe most common primary brain tumors are

Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist Cancer survival has improved due to three main components: improved prevention efforts to reduce exposure to risk factors improved screening of several cancer and improvements in treatment.The three main divisions: